Learning disabilities are problems with reading, spelling or maths. Although learning disabilities can be challenging for your child, your child can still learn and be successful.

Premature babies look different from full-term babies. Their appearance depends on how early they were born. Premature babies might need extra minerals and exercises to help bone and muscle development. Premature babies have fragile skin and need to be handled carefully.

Premature babies have different body language from full-term babies. Signs of stress in premature babies include fast breathing, twitching and skin colour changes. Signs of relaxation include stillness and slow breathing.

Key points Talking with babies from birth builds language and communication skills. You can talk with your child anywhere, anytime, about anything! Help your child learn about conversation by pausing and giving your child time to respond. Reading, singing songs and using rhyme are good for children’s language.

Genetic counsellors help you learn about and manage genetic conditions. You might see a genetic counsellor if a genetic condition runs in your family. If you have a genetic condition in your family, genetic counseling might help to understand how the condition might affect your life, and how you might be able to prevent other family members getting the condition.

Getting your children ready for school or to leave the house can be a challenge. ‘Beat the buzzer’ is a fun morning routine game that encourages them to cooperate.

Some situations make difficult behaviour from your child more likely – for example, going on car trips, shopping or visitors coming over. Planning ahead can help you manage situations that are challenging for you and your child. To plan ahead for good behaviour, use the seven steps in this guide. Start by identifying challenging situations.

Communication disorders and impairments include speech disorders, language disorders, stuttering and voice problems. Some children grow out of communication disorders. Other children have long-lasting impairment. Speech therapists and other health professionals can support children with communication disorders.

Key points Separation anxiety is a normal part of development from about eight months of age. You can help your child with separation anxiety by gently encouraging him to separate from you. This might take practice and praise. If your child’s separation anxiety is severe, long-lasting and interferes with your child’s life, consider seeking professional help.

Key points Fear of strangers is normal and common. It can start at around eight months and usually passes by around two years. You can help your child feel comfortable around strangers by being patient and introducing new people gradually. For older children who are afraid of strangers, it can help to work on building independence.