Gastro-oesophageal reflux is when your child brings the contents of his stomach back up into his food pipe or mouth. Reflux symptoms usually start within the first month of birth. Most babies grow out of reflux by the time they’re toddlers. For mild reflux, feed your baby in an upright position and keep her upright for about 30 minutes after feeds. Thickened breastmilk or formula might help.

Wheezing, coughing and breathing difficulties can all be signs of asthma. Asthma symptoms are usually worse at night and after excercise. Asthma coughing can vary from mild to severe.

Asthma makes it really hard for children to breathe. This is because their airway passages swell when they come into contact with things that trigger their asthma, like allergens, viral infections, smoke, exercise and weather changes. Children might get asthma because of genes and the environment.

Bronchiolitis is a common infection caused by a virus. It affects small breathing tubes in the lungs of babies and young children, causing them to become narrowed by mucus and inflammation. See your doctor if you think your child has bronchiolitis symptoms.

Bronchitis is an inflammation of the large airway passages that connect the windpipe to the lungs. If your child has bronchitis, she might breathe harder and produce more mucus than normal, but it’s usually nothing to worry about. Bronchitis treatment depends on the cause of the infection.

Nosebleeds are very common. They’re usually nothing to worry about. Apply firm pressure to your child’s nose for 10 minutes. Repeat for 10 minutes if the nosebleed doesn’t stop.If you can’t stop the bleeding, take your child to the doctor or a hospital emergency department.

Babies can have various birthmarks. Most birthmarks fade with time, and specialised laser techniques can often fade or reduce birthmarks that don’t go away by themselves. Your doctor will let you know what to do about your child’s birthmarks.

You can treat many insect bites and insect stings yourself, usually with antihistamines, paracetamol or ibuprofen in recommended doses. But if your child has any kind of severe or unusual reaction to an insect bite or sting, you should seek medical attention immediately.

Hives or urticaria is a common skin condition. It looks like raised white, pink or red spots that form a very itchy rash. The rash often comes up on a child’s chest, tummy or back, but it can occur anywhere. It’s a good idea to see your doctor if you think your child has hives.

Flu symptoms include runny nose, cough, sore throat, fever and muscle aches. You can treat flu symptoms at home with rest, fluids and paracetamol. See your doctor if your child’s symptoms don’t improve or if your child is very unwell. To prevent flu spread, wash hands, cover when coughing, and vavccinate your child when recommended.